43 28 Xiaoming Zhai, Matthew Nyaaba, and Wenchao Ma, "Can Generative AI and ChatGPT Outperform Humans on Cognitive-Demanding Problem-Solving Tasks in Science?" Science & Education 34 (2025): 649–670, https://doi. org/10.1007/s11191-024-00496-1. 29 Amin Zammouri, Abdelaziz Ait Moussa, and Sylvain Chevallier, "Use of Cognitive Load Measurements to Design a New Architecture of Intelligent Learning Systems," Expert Systems with Applications 237, Part A (March 1, 2024), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121979. 30 Thimo Schulz and Michael Thomas Knierim, "Cognitive Load Dynamics in Generative AI-Assistance: A NeuroIS Study," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) 2024, December 15, 2024, https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2024/aiinbus/aiinbus/12/. 31 Center for Research on Foundation Models. (n.d.). Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM). Stanford University. https://crfm.stanford.edu/helm/ 32 IBM Developer. (2024, October 29). Comparing LLMs for optimizing cost and response quality. https://developer. ibm.com/tutorials/awb-comparing-llms-cost-optimization- response-quality/ 33 Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is a separate term from Gen-AI. AGI is a significantly more advanced and currently theoretical Gen-AI technology involving models capable of performing at a human reasoning level across tasks. 34 Quote Glenn Parham, LinkedIn profile 5/9/2025 35 Dell’Acqua et al. (2023). Navigating the jagged technological frontier: Field experimental evidence of the effects of AI on knowledge worker productivity and quality (Working Paper No. 24-013). Harvard Business School. https://www. hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/24-013_d9b45b68-9e74- 42d6-a1c6-c72fb70c7282.pdf 36 Ibid 37 Hegseth, (2025, March 6). Directing modern software acquisition to maximize lethality [Memorandum]. U.S. Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2025/ Mar/07/2003662943/-1/-1/1/DIRECTING-MODERN- SOFTWARE-ACQUISITION-TO-MAXIMIZE-LETHALITY.PDF 38 Willison, (2022, September 12). Prompt injection attacks against GPT-3. Simon Willison’s Weblog. https:// simonwillison.net/2022/Sep/12/prompt-injection/ 39 Goodside, [@goodside]. (2022, September 12). Exploiting GPT-3 prompts with malicious inputs that order the model to ignore its previous directions [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/ goodside/status/1569128808308957185 40 RAI Toolkit. (n.d.). Reliable AI Toolkit: Assessment. Link: https://rai.tradewindai.com/assessment 41 Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office. (2024, April). Test and Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Models Framework. https://www.ai.mil/Portals/137/Documents/ Resources%20Page/Test%20and%20Evaluation%20 of%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Models%20Framework. pdf 42 Powerdrill. (n.d.). Human-calibrated automated testing and validation of generative language models. https://powerdrill. ai/discover/discover-Human-Calibrated-Automated- Testing-cm3yxycno3bbu01bglr3s529l 43 Vincent, (2023, November 9). New interim DOD guidance ‘delves into the risks’ of generative AI. DefenseScoop. https://defensescoop.com/2023/11/09/new-interim-DOD- guidance-delves-into-the-risks-of-generative-ai/ 44 Dell’Acqua et al. (2023). Navigating the jagged technological frontier: Field experimental evidence of the effects of AI on knowledge worker productivity and quality (Working Paper No. 24-013). Harvard Business School. https://www. hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/24-013_d9b45b68-9e74- 42d6-a1c6-c72fb70c7282.pdf 45 SWIFT. (n.d.). The KYC process explained. https://www. swift.com/risk-and-compliance/know-your-customer-kyc/ kyc-process 46 Covington and Burling LLP. (2025, January 6). Department of Justice issues final rule to implement bulk U.S. sensitive personal data and government-related data executive order. https://www.cov.com/en/news-and-insights/ insights/2025/01/department-of-justice-issues-final- rule-to-implement-bulk-us-sensitive-personal-data-and- government-related-data-executive-order 47 Ibid 48 Department of Justice. (2025, January 8). Preventing access to U.S. sensitive personal data and government- related data by countries of concern. Federal Register, 90(6), 1645–1660. https://www.federalregister.gov/ documents/2025/01/08/2024-31486/preventing-access-to- us-sensitive-personal-data-and-government-related-data- by-countries-of-concern 49 Google Cloud. (n.d.). What is artificial general intelligence? https://cloud.google.com/discover/what-is-artificial- general-intelligence NOTES CONT. Generative AI Adoption in the US Military