10 Making Sense of Blockchain: How Firms Can Chart a Strategic Path Forward ^Top will be substantial, with high costs for implementation and continuous upgrades to support the massive scale required. 4) Standards & Dominant Designs The lack of standards for implementing blockchain makes it risky for in- cumbents to invest in the technology. Bodies like Standards Australia and Electronic Industry Standards Research Institute of China are developing standards, while consortiums such as Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, R3, and Hyperledger are working towards effective and efficient business solutions.15 But because the technology is still immature, dominant de- signs will continue to evolve for some time. 5) Internal Resistance to Tech Adoption The innovation and commercialization teams in most traditional firms tend to have misaligned objectives.16 Where the innovation team sees value, the commercialization team sees expense and risk. Xerox presents a cautionary tale: While its leadership failed to nurture the vision of its engineers who developed the Graphical User Interface, Apple and Mi- crosoft incubated the technology into modern-day computers, creating 15 Ivan Kot, “Lack of Standards Blockchain Technology: What to Do?,” Itransition, June 26, 2018, https://www.itransition.com/blog/lack-of-standards-in-blockchain-technology-what-to-do. Asha McLean, “Blockchain standards need definition agreement first: Standards Australia,” ZDNet, Mar 6, 2017, https://www.zdnet.com/article/blockchain-standards-need-definition-agreement-first-stan- dards-australia/. Samburaj Das, China to Establish National Blockchain Standards by 2019: Govt. Official,” CCN: Cryp- tocurrency News, May 10, 2018, https://www.ccn.com/china-government-to-establish-national-block- chain-standards-by-2019-report/. Chuan Tian, “China Poised to Form Blockchain Standards Committee This Year,” CoinDesk, May 28, 2018, https://www.coindesk.com/china-poised-to-form-blockchain-standards-committee-this-year/. 16 Rahul Kapoor and Thomas Kleuter, “Organizing for New Technologies,” MIT Sloan Management Review 58, no. 2 (Winter 2017): 85-86, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/organizing-for-new-technol- ogies/.