7 Deploying Artificial Intelligence ^Top • budget The financial cost of developing, deploying, and maintaining an AI solution is often very high. The infrastructure needed for the build and deployment will involve handsome capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex) for storage, networking, data needs, and the necessary adjacent technologies.9 Note that Opex too can create substantial strain, especially for continued data management since the strength of ML derives from continued data feed and analysis. Although cloud solutions are available for containing infrastructure costs while scaling, they pose privacy and security challenges. TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES • data Volume, velocity, and veracity are the often-cited terms to describe the needs of big data. ML’s power lies in recognizing signal from noise, and the greater the volume of data, the better the results. Also, new insights will require new data so ML will require a constant and voluminous data flow. But just any data will not do; high-quality data that’s accurate and representative of the segments that are being analyzed is critical. AI has the potential to magnify human biases, so the quality of data fed determines the quality and credibility of the predicted output.10 Firms often find that ensuring a continued flow of relevant and representative data, over time, can be quite a challenge. 9 Bob Violino, “Designing and building artificial intelligence infrastructure,” TechTarget: SearchEnterpriseAI, April 5, 2018, https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/feature/Designing-and-building-artificial-intelligence-infra- structure. 10 Kyle Wiggers, “Amazon’s Rekognition misidentified 28 members of Congress as criminals,” Venture Beat, July 26, 2018, https://venturebeat.com/2018/07/26/amazons-rekognition-misidentified-28-members-of-con- gress-as-criminals/. Jackie Snow, “Google Photos Still Has a Problem with Gorillas,” MIT Technology Review, January 11, 2018, https:// www.technologyreview.com/2018/01/11/146257/google-photos-still-has-a-problem-with-gorillas/. "Google apologises for Photos app’s racist blunder," BBC News: Tech, July 1, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/ technology-33347866.