29 Deploying Artificial Intelligence ^Top Similarly, security and legality of usage of data, and a consistent data flow are some of the other essential factors.67 The larger the data sets needed, such as in ML applications, the more magnified data challenges get, making data the topmost requirement for TRI.68 Maturity of technological infrastructure required for AI and its enabling technologies is critical for scaling AI solutions. For instance, White Ops is a cybersecurity firm that prevents fraudulent online advertising69 by detecting whether impressions are generated by humans or bots. Its algorithm analyzes thousands of data points across trillions of transactions to predict malicious behavior, accurately. For a quick response to an attack, it requires infrastruc- ture to process 150 billion transactions a day with 10-millisecond latencies, and needs to have enough elasticity to scale up and down during peaks and downtimes to redirect resources for product development. Note that with AI also the traditional IT network, data, and computing infra- structure are required, but they all have to be AI-specific to be able to handle petabytes and exabytes (1,024 terabytes and 1,024 petabytes) of data storage and also process at very low latencies. Many incumbent firms do not have this kind of infrastructure today, or if they do, the infrastructure exists in a discrete fashion and is not synthesized internally for AI. However, firms can obtain this infrastructure from mature computing infrastructure providers such as AWS, Google, IBM, Microsoft, Nvidia, Lenovo, Tencent, etc., which enable the preparation of data, model building, model validation, and deployment at scale, and even support low latencies for edge computing.70 67 Willem Sundbald, “Data Is The Foundation For Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning,” Forbes: Manufac- turing, October 18, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/willemsundbladeurope/2018/10/18/data-is-the-founda- tion-for-artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning/. 68 Benjamin Biering, “Getting Started With AI: How Much Data Do You Need?,” 2021.AI, January 2020, https://2021.ai/getting-started-ai-how-much-data-needed/. 69 AWS, White Ops Uses AWS to Help Customers Stop Ad Fraud, https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/ whiteops/. 70 Forrester, Now Tech: AI Infrastructure, Q1 2020, February 7, 2020, https://www.forrester.com/report/ Now+Tech+AI+Infrastructure+Q1+2020/-/E-RES155777. George S. Day and Paul J. H. Schoemaker, “A Different Game,” in Wharton on Emerging Technologies, chap. 1.